Renderers
Before a TemplateResponse instance can be returned to the client, it must be rendered. The rendering process takes the intermediate representation of template and context, and turns it into the final byte stream that can be served to the client.
REST framework includes a number of built in Renderer classes, that allow you to return responses with various media types. There is also support for defining your own custom renderers, which gives you the flexibility to design your own media types.
How the renderer is determined
The set of valid renderers for a view is always defined as a list of classes. When a view is entered REST framework will perform content negotiation on the incoming request, and determine the most appropriate renderer to satisfy the request.
The basic process of content negotiation involves examining the request's Accept
header, to determine which media types it expects in the response. Optionally, format suffixes on the URL may be used to explicitly request a particular representation. For example the URL http://example.com/api/users_count.json
might be an endpoint that always returns JSON data.
For more information see the documentation on content negotiation.
Setting the renderers
The default set of renderers may be set globally, using the DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES
setting. For example, the following settings would use JSON
as the main media type and also include the self describing API.
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',
'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',
]
}
You can also set the renderers used for an individual view, or viewset,
using the APIView
class-based views.
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.views import APIView
class UserCountView(APIView):
"""
A view that returns the count of active users in JSON.
"""
renderer_classes = [JSONRenderer]
def get(self, request, format=None):
user_count = User.objects.filter(active=True).count()
content = {'user_count': user_count}
return Response(content)
Or, if you're using the @api_view
decorator with function based views.
@api_view(['GET'])
@renderer_classes([JSONRenderer])
def user_count_view(request, format=None):
"""
A view that returns the count of active users in JSON.
"""
user_count = User.objects.filter(active=True).count()
content = {'user_count': user_count}
return Response(content)
Ordering of renderer classes
It's important when specifying the renderer classes for your API to think about what priority you want to assign to each media type. If a client underspecifies the representations it can accept, such as sending an Accept: */*
header, or not including an Accept
header at all, then REST framework will select the first renderer in the list to use for the response.
For example if your API serves JSON responses and the HTML browsable API, you might want to make JSONRenderer
your default renderer, in order to send JSON
responses to clients that do not specify an Accept
header.
If your API includes views that can serve both regular webpages and API responses depending on the request, then you might consider making TemplateHTMLRenderer
your default renderer, in order to play nicely with older browsers that send broken accept headers.
API Reference
JSONRenderer
Renders the request data into JSON
, using utf-8 encoding.
Note that the default style is to include unicode characters, and render the response using a compact style with no unnecessary whitespace:
{"unicode black star":"★","value":999}
The client may additionally include an 'indent'
media type parameter, in which case the returned JSON
will be indented. For example Accept: application/json; indent=4
.
{
"unicode black star": "★",
"value": 999
}
The default JSON encoding style can be altered using the UNICODE_JSON
and COMPACT_JSON
settings keys.
.media_type: application/json
.format: 'json'
.charset: None
TemplateHTMLRenderer
Renders data to HTML, using Django's standard template rendering.
Unlike other renderers, the data passed to the Response
does not need to be serialized. Also, unlike other renderers, you may want to include a template_name
argument when creating the Response
.
The TemplateHTMLRenderer will create a RequestContext
, using the response.data
as the context dict, and determine a template name to use to render the context.
The template name is determined by (in order of preference):
- An explicit
template_name
argument passed to the response. - An explicit
.template_name
attribute set on this class. - The return result of calling
view.get_template_names()
.
An example of a view that uses TemplateHTMLRenderer
:
class UserDetail(generics.RetrieveAPIView):
"""
A view that returns a templated HTML representation of a given user.
"""
queryset = User.objects.all()
renderer_classes = [TemplateHTMLRenderer]
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
self.object = self.get_object()
return Response({'user': self.object}, template_name='user_detail.html')
You can use TemplateHTMLRenderer
either to return regular HTML pages using REST framework, or to return both HTML and API responses from a single endpoint.
If you're building websites that use TemplateHTMLRenderer
along with other renderer classes, you should consider listing TemplateHTMLRenderer
as the first class in the renderer_classes
list, so that it will be prioritised first even for browsers that send poorly formed ACCEPT:
headers.
See the HTML & Forms Topic Page for further examples of TemplateHTMLRenderer
usage.
.media_type: text/html
.format: 'html'
.charset: utf-8
See also: StaticHTMLRenderer
StaticHTMLRenderer
A simple renderer that simply returns pre-rendered HTML. Unlike other renderers, the data passed to the response object should be a string representing the content to be returned.
An example of a view that uses StaticHTMLRenderer
:
@api_view(['GET'])
@renderer_classes([StaticHTMLRenderer])
def simple_html_view(request):
data = '<html><body><h1>Hello, world</h1></body></html>'
return Response(data)
You can use StaticHTMLRenderer
either to return regular HTML pages using REST framework, or to return both HTML and API responses from a single endpoint.
.media_type: text/html
.format: 'html'
.charset: utf-8
See also: TemplateHTMLRenderer
BrowsableAPIRenderer
Renders data into HTML for the Browsable API:
This renderer will determine which other renderer would have been given highest priority, and use that to display an API style response within the HTML page.
.media_type: text/html
.format: 'api'
.charset: utf-8
.template: 'rest_framework/api.html'
Customizing BrowsableAPIRenderer
By default the response content will be rendered with the highest priority renderer apart from BrowsableAPIRenderer
. If you need to customize this behavior, for example to use HTML as the default return format, but use JSON in the browsable API, you can do so by overriding the get_default_renderer()
method. For example:
class CustomBrowsableAPIRenderer(BrowsableAPIRenderer):
def get_default_renderer(self, view):
return JSONRenderer()
AdminRenderer
Renders data into HTML for an admin-like display:
This renderer is suitable for CRUD-style web APIs that should also present a user-friendly interface for managing the data.
Note that views that have nested or list serializers for their input won't work well with the AdminRenderer
, as the HTML forms are unable to properly support them.
Note: The AdminRenderer
is only able to include links to detail pages when a properly configured URL_FIELD_NAME
(url
by default) attribute is present in the data. For HyperlinkedModelSerializer
this will be the case, but for ModelSerializer
or plain Serializer
classes you'll need to make sure to include the field explicitly. For example here we use models get_absolute_url
method:
class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
url = serializers.CharField(source='get_absolute_url', read_only=True)
class Meta:
model = Account
.media_type: text/html
.format: 'admin'
.charset: utf-8
.template: 'rest_framework/admin.html'
HTMLFormRenderer
Renders data returned by a serializer into an HTML form. The output of this renderer does not include the enclosing <form>
tags, a hidden CSRF input or any submit buttons.
This renderer is not intended to be used directly, but can instead be used in templates by passing a serializer instance to the render_form
template tag.
{% load rest_framework %}
<form action="/submit-report/" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
{% render_form serializer %}
<input type="submit" value="Save" />
</form>
For more information see the HTML & Forms documentation.
.media_type: text/html
.format: 'form'
.charset: utf-8
.template: 'rest_framework/horizontal/form.html'
MultiPartRenderer
This renderer is used for rendering HTML multipart form data. It is not suitable as a response renderer, but is instead used for creating test requests, using REST framework's test client and test request factory.
.media_type: multipart/form-data; boundary=BoUnDaRyStRiNg
.format: 'multipart'
.charset: utf-8
Custom renderers
To implement a custom renderer, you should override BaseRenderer
, set the .media_type
and .format
properties, and implement the .render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None)
method.
The method should return a bytestring, which will be used as the body of the HTTP response.
The arguments passed to the .render()
method are:
data
The request data, as set by the Response()
instantiation.
media_type=None
Optional. If provided, this is the accepted media type, as determined by the content negotiation stage.
Depending on the client's Accept:
header, this may be more specific than the renderer's media_type
attribute, and may include media type parameters. For example "application/json; nested=true"
.
renderer_context=None
Optional. If provided, this is a dictionary of contextual information provided by the view.
By default this will include the following keys: view
, request
, response
, args
, kwargs
.
Example
The following is an example plaintext renderer that will return a response with the data
parameter as the content of the response.
from django.utils.encoding import smart_text
from rest_framework import renderers
class PlainTextRenderer(renderers.BaseRenderer):
media_type = 'text/plain'
format = 'txt'
def render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None):
return smart_text(data, encoding=self.charset)
Setting the character set
By default renderer classes are assumed to be using the UTF-8
encoding. To use a different encoding, set the charset
attribute on the renderer.
class PlainTextRenderer(renderers.BaseRenderer):
media_type = 'text/plain'
format = 'txt'
charset = 'iso-8859-1'
def render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None):
return data.encode(self.charset)
Note that if a renderer class returns a unicode string, then the response content will be coerced into a bytestring by the Response
class, with the charset
attribute set on the renderer used to determine the encoding.
If the renderer returns a bytestring representing raw binary content, you should set a charset value of None
, which will ensure the Content-Type
header of the response will not have a charset
value set.
In some cases you may also want to set the render_style
attribute to 'binary'
. Doing so will also ensure that the browsable API will not attempt to display the binary content as a string.
class JPEGRenderer(renderers.BaseRenderer):
media_type = 'image/jpeg'
format = 'jpg'
charset = None
render_style = 'binary'
def render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None):
return data
Advanced renderer usage
You can do some pretty flexible things using REST framework's renderers. Some examples...
- Provide either flat or nested representations from the same endpoint, depending on the requested media type.
- Serve both regular HTML webpages, and JSON based API responses from the same endpoints.
- Specify multiple types of HTML representation for API clients to use.
- Underspecify a renderer's media type, such as using
media_type = 'image/*'
, and use theAccept
header to vary the encoding of the response.
Varying behaviour by media type
In some cases you might want your view to use different serialization styles depending on the accepted media type. If you need to do this you can access request.accepted_renderer
to determine the negotiated renderer that will be used for the response.
For example:
@api_view(['GET'])
@renderer_classes([TemplateHTMLRenderer, JSONRenderer])
def list_users(request):
"""
A view that can return JSON or HTML representations
of the users in the system.
"""
queryset = Users.objects.filter(active=True)
if request.accepted_renderer.format == 'html':
# TemplateHTMLRenderer takes a context dict,
# and additionally requires a 'template_name'.
# It does not require serialization.
data = {'users': queryset}
return Response(data, template_name='list_users.html')
# JSONRenderer requires serialized data as normal.
serializer = UserSerializer(instance=queryset)
data = serializer.data
return Response(data)
Underspecifying the media type
In some cases you might want a renderer to serve a range of media types.
In this case you can underspecify the media types it should respond to, by using a media_type
value such as image/*
, or */*
.
If you underspecify the renderer's media type, you should make sure to specify the media type explicitly when you return the response, using the content_type
attribute. For example:
return Response(data, content_type='image/png')
Designing your media types
For the purposes of many Web APIs, simple JSON
responses with hyperlinked relations may be sufficient. If you want to fully embrace RESTful design and HATEOAS you'll need to consider the design and usage of your media types in more detail.
In the words of Roy Fielding, "A REST API should spend almost all of its descriptive effort in defining the media type(s) used for representing resources and driving application state, or in defining extended relation names and/or hypertext-enabled mark-up for existing standard media types.".
For good examples of custom media types, see GitHub's use of a custom application/vnd.github+json media type, and Mike Amundsen's IANA approved application/vnd.collection+json JSON-based hypermedia.
HTML error views
Typically a renderer will behave the same regardless of if it's dealing with a regular response, or with a response caused by an exception being raised, such as an Http404
or PermissionDenied
exception, or a subclass of APIException
.
If you're using either the TemplateHTMLRenderer
or the StaticHTMLRenderer
and an exception is raised, the behavior is slightly different, and mirrors Django's default handling of error views.
Exceptions raised and handled by an HTML renderer will attempt to render using one of the following methods, by order of precedence.
- Load and render a template named
{status_code}.html
. - Load and render a template named
api_exception.html
. - Render the HTTP status code and text, for example "404 Not Found".
Templates will render with a RequestContext
which includes the status_code
and details
keys.
Note: If DEBUG=True
, Django's standard traceback error page will be displayed instead of rendering the HTTP status code and text.
Third party packages
The following third party packages are also available.
YAML
REST framework YAML provides YAML parsing and rendering support. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.
Installation & configuration
Install using pip.
$ pip install djangorestframework-yaml
Modify your REST framework settings.
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework_yaml.parsers.YAMLParser',
],
'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework_yaml.renderers.YAMLRenderer',
],
}
XML
REST Framework XML provides a simple informal XML format. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.
Installation & configuration
Install using pip.
$ pip install djangorestframework-xml
Modify your REST framework settings.
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework_xml.parsers.XMLParser',
],
'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework_xml.renderers.XMLRenderer',
],
}
JSONP
REST framework JSONP provides JSONP rendering support. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.
Warning: If you require cross-domain AJAX requests, you should generally be using the more modern approach of CORS as an alternative to JSONP
. See the CORS documentation for more details.
The jsonp
approach is essentially a browser hack, and is only appropriate for globally readable API endpoints, where GET
requests are unauthenticated and do not require any user permissions.
Installation & configuration
Install using pip.
$ pip install djangorestframework-jsonp
Modify your REST framework settings.
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework_jsonp.renderers.JSONPRenderer',
],
}
MessagePack
MessagePack is a fast, efficient binary serialization format. Juan Riaza maintains the djangorestframework-msgpack package which provides MessagePack renderer and parser support for REST framework.
XLSX (Binary Spreadsheet Endpoints)
XLSX is the world's most popular binary spreadsheet format. Tim Allen of The Wharton School maintains drf-renderer-xlsx, which renders an endpoint as an XLSX spreadsheet using OpenPyXL, and allows the client to download it. Spreadsheets can be styled on a per-view basis.
Installation & configuration
Install using pip.
$ pip install drf-renderer-xlsx
Modify your REST framework settings.
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
...
'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',
'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',
'drf_renderer_xlsx.renderers.XLSXRenderer',
],
}
To avoid having a file streamed without a filename (which the browser will often default to the filename "download", with no extension), we need to use a mixin to override the Content-Disposition
header. If no filename is provided, it will default to export.xlsx
. For example:
from rest_framework.viewsets import ReadOnlyModelViewSet
from drf_renderer_xlsx.mixins import XLSXFileMixin
from drf_renderer_xlsx.renderers import XLSXRenderer
from .models import MyExampleModel
from .serializers import MyExampleSerializer
class MyExampleViewSet(XLSXFileMixin, ReadOnlyModelViewSet):
queryset = MyExampleModel.objects.all()
serializer_class = MyExampleSerializer
renderer_classes = [XLSXRenderer]
filename = 'my_export.xlsx'
CSV
Comma-separated values are a plain-text tabular data format, that can be easily imported into spreadsheet applications. Mjumbe Poe maintains the djangorestframework-csv package which provides CSV renderer support for REST framework.
UltraJSON
UltraJSON is an optimized C JSON encoder which can give significantly faster JSON rendering. Jacob Haslehurst maintains the drf-ujson-renderer package which implements JSON rendering using the UJSON package.
CamelCase JSON
djangorestframework-camel-case provides camel case JSON renderers and parsers for REST framework. This allows serializers to use Python-style underscored field names, but be exposed in the API as Javascript-style camel case field names. It is maintained by Vitaly Babiy.
Pandas (CSV, Excel, PNG)
Django REST Pandas provides a serializer and renderers that support additional data processing and output via the Pandas DataFrame API. Django REST Pandas includes renderers for Pandas-style CSV files, Excel workbooks (both .xls
and .xlsx
), and a number of other formats. It is maintained by S. Andrew Sheppard as part of the wq Project.
LaTeX
Rest Framework Latex provides a renderer that outputs PDFs using Laulatex. It is maintained by Pebble (S/F Software).